ABSTRACT
Aerosolized droplets are produced en masse in dental practices;these aerosols disperse in the surrounding space, posing a health threat if the patient is infected with a transmittable disease, particularly COVID-19. Here, a viscoelastic polyacrylic acid (PAA) solution was used to minimize liquid aerosolization and limit the travel distance of aerosols. The PAA concentration was varied to evaluate its effect on aerosolization and droplet size resulting from procedures using dental handpieces, which include tooth cutting, grinding, and polishing. In addition, a thermocouple was inserted at the center of the model tooth to measure its temperature during a handpiece operation. The temperature data suggest that the cooling performance of the PAA solution is comparable to that of pure water in operations in the occlusal and facial directions. The PAA solution droplets splattered on the patient's facial area during the handpiece operation are markedly larger than those of pure water, which is evidence of the settling of the PAA droplets, preventing further transmission. Accordingly, the travel distance of the aerosolized PAA droplets was limited by viscoelastic resistance to droplet detachment. This comparison of the aerosol suppression capability between water and PAA solutions confirms the benefit of using viscoelastic solutions for various dental operations. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
ABSTRACT
Purpose – The construct of social crowdedness has been debated whether it impacts consumer shopping satisfaction positively or negatively. However, as the COVID-19 has prolonged, people fear places full of people due to possible contamination and so they avoid such areas. Therefore, this study expects that social crowded-ness has a negative effect. However, this study also predicts that consumers’ individual values could moderate the negative effect of social crowdedness. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study recruited an experimental study design for the research purpose above. Through two experiments, this study examined the effect of social crowdedness on shopping satisfaction and the moderating effect of happiness perspective (study 1) and time perspective (study 2). Findings – The study found that people in a high social crowdedness condition showed lower shopping satis-faction. Furthermore, this negative reaction in a high social crowdedness condition was moderated depending on their dominant perspective. Research Implications – Those with calm happiness and present-fatalistic perspective showed even greater shopping satisfaction in low social crowdedness conditions. In contrast, those with exciting happiness and present-hedonic time perspectives showed comparably higher satisfaction in a high crowdedness condition. The results are expected to provide critical strategic implications to retail managers. © 2022 International Academy of Global Business and Trade. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Due to the recent Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, it is not easy for all schools to catch students' irregularities during online classes. Research is conducted based on a transparent Blockchain that prevents such irregularities. We also want to verify the nodes participating in the test using the latest neuron engine and Blockchain technology. Nodes participating in the network for testing are reinforced using safe algorithms. This study also presents these research models and implements the test environment through the cloud environment of AWS (Amazon Web Service), a network environment. Nodes take the P2P environment and serve as online nodes during more real-time testing. The result data are also derived. These experimental environments later validate more node data. In addition, the experiment showed that the similarity and distribution levels were very good, close to "0," and the performance of the Blockchain was about 4,000 TPS, so the actual testable study was conducted. In this paper, we propose artificial intelligence neurons and verification Blockchain consensus algorithms to verify the evaluation of these online environments. In addition, proposals are made to study verification and performance data over a neural network. In the future, many diseases, etc. are expected to cause a paradigm shift in universities and educational institutions.